How percentage calculations work
A percentage expresses a value as a fraction of 100. The most common formula is:
For example, 30 out of 150 is 30 ÷ 150 × 100 = 20%.
Calculate percent of a number, percentage change, reverse percentages, discounts, tax, VAT, markup, tips, grades, and more with clean formulas and copyable results.
Choose the calculation that matches your question. The result updates instantly and can be copied.
Focused tools for shopping, taxes, business margins, grades, finance rates, and everyday math.
Calculate percentage increase or decrease from an old value to a new value.
Reverse PercentageFind the original value before a percentage increase, decrease, or percent-of relationship.
Discount CalculatorCalculate sale price, savings, and original price from discount percentages.
Sales Tax CalculatorAdd or remove sales tax and estimate before-tax and after-tax prices.
VAT CalculatorAdd or remove VAT and calculate net price, gross price, and VAT amount.
Markup CalculatorCalculate markup percentage, selling price, cost, and gross profit.
Profit MarginCalculate profit margin, markup, revenue, cost, and profit.
Tip CalculatorCalculate tips, totals, and split bills quickly.
Grade PercentageConvert test scores into percentages and letter-grade style ranges.
Percent ErrorCalculate percent error between experimental and accepted values.
Basis PointsConvert basis points to percentages and decimal rates.
A percentage expresses a value as a fraction of 100. The most common formula is:
For example, 30 out of 150 is 30 ÷ 150 × 100 = 20%.
Quick answers to common percentage questions.
It calculates percent of a number, what percent one number is of another, percentage change, increases, decreases, reverse percentages, and decimal/percent conversions.
The most common formula is part divided by whole, multiplied by 100. For example, 30 out of 150 is 30 ÷ 150 × 100 = 20%.
A reverse percentage works backward from a final value. For example, if 120 is the result after a 20% increase, the original value was 120 ÷ 1.20 = 100.
No. Percentage change uses the old value as the reference. Percentage difference usually compares two values using their average as the reference.